Mass+Society


 * THE GROWTH OF INDUSTRIAL PROSPERITY **

__#1. Have you ever thought about ways to improve society? What are some areas of society that need improvement? __ Some of the areas that need improvement in my opinion are the people that are starving on a daily basis, the people that don't have enough money to provide healthcare for their families, and the enormous amount of people that are homeless. __#2. What are your ideas for improving these areas of society? __ I think these areas are being attempted to being improved on a daily basis. There are all sorts of charities and organizations that help by raising money and food to help out with these groups of peoples. Even though there is a lot being done I do believe that it is not enough. __#3. By 1900, Europe was divided into two economic zones. One zone highly industrialized, and the other was still largely agriculture. Identify the countries or regions that made up each zone. __ In the Industrialized zone there was Great Britain, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Germany, the western part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and northern Italy. The agricultural zone was the area to the south and east. It was made up southern Italy, most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, the Balkan kingdoms, and Russia. __#4. How was the Second Industrial Revolution different from the first Industrial Revolution? __ The first Industrial Revolution changed the production of textiles, iron, and coal. In the Second Industrial Revolution, new industries arose in steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum. __#5. What was the main difference in the beliefs of pure Marxists and revisionists? __ Marxists wanted to overthrow capitalism by a violent revolution. Revisionists believed that workers must continue to organize in mass political parties and even work with other parties to gain reforms.


 * THE EMERGENCE OF MASS SOCIETY **

__Have you ever thought what your life would be like if you were unable to read? What problems would you have? How would this affect your ability to find a job? __ If I was not able to read, I would not be able to function in the real world. I would not be able to read signs or instructions, or anything. I would not be able to find a job at all. Most jobs require one that knows how to read, and I'm sure that an employer would definitely pick one who could read oppose to someone who could not read. __<span style="color: #d61f1f; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">#6. List the groups or occupations that made up the elite, the middle classes, and the working classes in Europe at the end of the nineteenth century. __<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Elite- **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> The wealthy elite were at the top of European society. This group was only 5 percent of the population but controlled 30 to 40 percent of the wealth. It was made up of the landed aristocrats and the most successful industrialists, bankers, and merchants. Members of the elite became leaders in the government and military.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Middle Class **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">-Below the upper middle class was a group that included lawyers, doctors, members of the civil service, business managers, engineers, architects, accountants, and chemists. Beneath this group was a lower middle class of small shopkeepers, traders, and prosperous peasants. The members of this group provided goods and services for the classes above them.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Working Class **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">-They made up almost 80 percent of the European population. Many of the members of these classes were peasants, farm laborers, and sharecroppers. The urban working class consisted of many different groups, including artisans and semi-skilled laborers. At the bottom of the urban working class were the unskilled laborers. They were the largest group of workers and included day laborers and large numbers of domestic servants.

<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">THE NEW URBAN ENVIRONMENT ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">

__<span style="color: #e01f1f; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">#7.What changes were made in cities in the nineteenth century to improve the public health? __<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> City governments created boards of health to improve the quality of housing. Dwellings were now inspected for health hazards. New building regulations required running water and drainage systems for all new buildings. The ability to bring in clean water and expel sewage was essential to the public health in cities. New systems of aqueducts, tunnels, and pipes made this possible. __<span style="color: #ce2727; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">#8.In what ways did the lives of urban workers improve after 1870? __<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> The cost of consumer goods declined, workers could buy more than just food and housing. Workers now had money for more clothes and even leisure activities. At the same time, strikes were leading to 10-hour workdays and Saturday afternoons off. __<span style="color: #d12323; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">#9.How did the Second Industrial Revolution open the door to new jobs for women? __<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> Many employers hired women as low-paid, white-collar workers. They worked as secretaries, clerks, and typists in industrial plants and retail outlets. They, the ones that wanted to do something better with their life, took jobs in education, social work, and health. __<span style="color: #c83232; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">#10.What were the two main reasons that Western nations made a commitment to public education? __<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> One reason was industrialization. The new firms of the Second Industrial Revolution needed trained, skilled labor. Both boys and girls with an elementary education now had new job possibilities. These included white-collar jobs in railways, post offices, and the teaching and nursing fields. A second reason for public education was political. Giving more people the right to vote created a need for better-educated voters.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">THE NATIONAL STATE AND DEMOCRACY **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">

__<span style="color: #ce2c2c; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Have you ever thought what your life would be like if you had been born in a different country? what do you think would effect you more-- the difference in economics or the difference in political systems? __<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> I have thought of what my life would be like if I lived in a different country. I see other countries around the world that are a lot different and less fortunate than the country I live in. I am used to all of the resources that I have here and I'm not sure I could go to another country and learn to survive on my own. I think that the difference in economics would have more affect on me. __<span style="color: #ce2c2c; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">#11.By1907, Europe was divided into two opposing camps. List the countries in each of the two alliances. __<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> In one of the camps there was Britain, France, and Russia. In the other camp there was Germany, Italy, and Austria. __<span style="color: #c32c2c; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">#12.What reforms did the Liberal Party make in Great Britain to keep the support of the workers? __<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> The National Insurance Act of 1911 provided benefits for workers in case of sickness and unemployment. Other laws provided a small pension for people over 70 and compensation for people injured in accidents at work. __<span style="color: #bb2a2a; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">#13.Why did conservative forces in Germany support a strong foreign policy? __<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> They believed that expansion abroad would not only increase profits but also divert people from pursuing democratic reforms.After the creation of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in 1867, Austria enacted a constitution that, in theory, set up a parliamentary system with ministerial responsibility. In reality, the emperor, Francis Joseph, ignored the system. He appointed and dismissed his own ministers and issued laws when the parliament was not in session. Austria remained troubled by con- flicts between the various nationalities in the empire. __<span style="color: #cd2d2d; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">#14.What land did the United States acquire in the late nineteenth century? __<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> The United States acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the United States had an empire. __<span style="color: #c92c2c; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">#15.What sequence of events led to the formation of the Triple Entente? __<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> 1879-- Otto von Bismarck created an alliance with Austria-Hungary 1882-- Italy joined the alliance (this united Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in a defensive alliance against France) 1882-- Bismarck had separate treaty with Russia 1890-- Emperor William ll fired Bismarck and took control of Germany's foreign policy, he dropped the treaty with Russia, this brought France and Russia together 1894-- France and Russia formed a military alliance 1894-1904-- German policies caused the British to draw closer to France 1907-- an alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia (Triple Entente) was formed __<span style="color: #c92c2c; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">#16.What tensions existed in Europe at the beginning of 1914? __<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> The Serbians blamed Austria-Hungary for their failure to create a large Serbian kingdom. Austria-Hungary was convinced that Serbia was a threat to its empire and must be crushed. As Serbia’s chief supporters, the Russians were angry and determined not to back down again. The allies of Austria- Hungary and Russia were determined to support their allies more strongly in another crisis. By the beginning of 1914, most of the countries of Europe viewed each other with suspicion.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">TOWARD THE MODERN CONSCIOUSNESS **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">

__<span style="color: #d12323; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Do you like modern art? Who is your favorite artist? Is there a particular movement that you are especially interested in? __<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> I cannot say that I am fan of modern art because I do not know much about it, so there is no movements that I am especially interested in. __<span style="color: #cf2626; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">In the late 1800s and early 1900s, many writers and artists rebelled against traditional literary and artistic styles. List the movements in literature, painting, architecture, and music during this period. Also list some of the important writers, artists, and musicians in these movements. __<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Literature ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">-rebelled against traditional literary styles, naturalism, symbolists(caused a literary revolution by arguing that art should be about the inner life of people and should serve only art, not social progress), depicted social conditions and grapples with social issues(Henrik Ibsen, Emile Zola) <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Art ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">-Impressionism(left the studio and painted outdoors, hoping to capture the light that illuminated objects),Postimpressionism, cubism(geometric designs),(Claude Monet, Vincent van Gogh, Pablo Picasso, Wassily Kandinsky) <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Architecture ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">- functionalism(buildings were like products of machines in that that should be useful) (Frank Lloyd Wright, Louis H. Sullivan) <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Music ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">-Developements paralleled those in painting(Igor Stravinsky) __<span style="color: #c22929; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">#17.How did Einstein’s theory of relativity change people’s view of the universe? __<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> Matter and energy reflect the relativity of space and time. Matter was now believed to be energy, an idea that led to understanding the energies within atoms and to the Atomic Age. To some it took the certainty out of the mechanical, Newtonian universe. __<span style="color: #d02525; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">#18.Why did so many Jews decide to emigrate around the turn of the century? __<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> Jews were trying to escape from persecution that was going on in eastern Europe. In Russia there were organized persecutions and massacres called pogroms. __<span style="color: #d12929; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; text-decoration: none;">#19.How did photography contribute to the decline of realism in painting? __<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> After the camera was created, anyone could capture reality instead of just the painters. People weren't as interesting in the paintings because they no longer needed them to see reality.Type in the content of your page here.