Unit+9+West+between+Wars

= ** PART 1 ** Define: depression- severe despondency and dejection, typically felt over a period of time and accompanied by feelings of hopelessness and inadequacy. collective bargaining- negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by anorganized body of employees. minimum- the least or smallest amount or quantity possible, attainable, or required deficit spending- government spending, in excess of revenue, of funds raised by borrowingrather than from taxation. circumstance- a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action Identify: __Dawes Plan__- an attempt following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. __Treaty of Locarno__- seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland on 5 October – 16 October 1925 and formally signed in Londonon December 1, in which theFirst World War Western European Allied powers and the new states of central andEastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, in return normalizing relations with defeated Germany (which was, by this time, the Weimar Republic). Locarno divided borders in Europe into two categories: western, which were guaranteed by Locarno treaties, and eastern borders (of Germany), which were open for revision.[|[1]] __Weimar Republic__- the German republic of 1919–33, so called because its constitution wasdrawn up at Weimar. The republic was faced with huge reparationcosts deriving from the Treaty of Versailles as well as soaring inflation and high unemployment. The 1920s saw a growth in support for right-wing groups, and the Republic was eventually overthrown by the Nazi Party of Adolf Hitler. __John Maynard Keynes__- He laid the foundations of modern macroeconomics with The GeneralTheory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936). __Franklin Delano Roosevelt__- 32nd president of the U.S. 1933–45; known as **FDR**. His New Deal programs of the 1930s helped to lift the U.S. out of the Great Depression, and he played animportant part in Allied policy during World War II. A Democrat and a victim of polio, he was the only president to be elected to athird (and then a fourth) term in office. __New Deal__- the economic measures introduced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 to counteract the effects of the Great Depression. It involved a massive public works program, complemented by the large-scale granting of loans, and succeeded in reducing unemployment by between 7 and 10 million. **MAIN CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION** 1. Unequal distribution of wealth. There was not a large middle class. While wages were rising for the majority of workers, they were not keeping pace with the increase in the cost of living or the wealth in the hands of the industrialists and others in the upper income classes. 2. There was over speculation in the Stock Market, which was not regulated. Many Americans purchased stock on credit. This was known as margin buying. 3. Increased manufacturing and agricultural output, but wages that did not keep pace for the consumers to purchase all that was produced or grown. Hence, inventories increased and agricultural income remained low. 4. Buying on credit, known in the 1920s as installment buying. People purchased things like refrigerators on time, and did not have money to pay for the product in the future, when the bills became due. 5. Federal regulations on businesses also contributed to the cause. Especially favorable to the large corporations were the taxes laws which were written to encourage business expansion. 6. Banks were permitted to speculate in land and the stock market with little government regulations. 7. High tariffs and war debts helped spread the depression world wide. 8. The Stock Market Crash of 1929 signaled the beginning of the Great Depression. 1 - Why was the League of Nations not very effective in maintaining peace? F rance and Britain self-interest A bsense of power I neffective sanctions L ack of regular army U nfair Treaty of Versailles Re aching decisions slowly 2 - How did the crash of the U.S. stock market affect Germany and other European countries? Besides ruining many thousands of individual investors, this precipitous decline in the value of assets greatly strained banks and other financial institutions, particularly those holding stocks in their portfolios. Many banks were consequently forced into insolvency; by 1933, 11,000 of the United States' 25,000 banks had failed. The failure of so many banks, combined with a general and nationwide loss of confidence in the economy, led to much-reduced levels of spending and demand and hence of production, thus aggravating the downward spiral. The result was drastically falling output and drastically rising unemployment; by 1932, U.S. manufacturing output had fallen to 54 percent of its 1929 level, and unemployment had risen to between 12 and 15 million workers, or 25-30 percent of the work force.  3 - What was the New Deal? The **New Deal** was a series of economic programs passed by Congress during the first term of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States, from 1933 to his reelection in 1937. Few new programs were enacted after 1936, and many agencies were disbanded during World War II. The programs were responses to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the 3 Rs: relief, recovery and reform. That is, relief for the unemployed and poor, recovery of the economy to normal levels, and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression. The New Deal produced a political realignment, making theDemocratic party the majority, with its base in liberal ideas, big city machines, and newly empowered labor unions. The Republicanswere split, either opposing the entire New Deal as an enemy of business and growth, or accepting some of it and promising to make it more efficient. The realignment crystallized into the New Deal Coalition that dominated most American elections into the 1960s, while the opposition Conservative Coalitionlargely controlled Congress from 1937 to 1964. **PART 2** __Define:__ **totalitarian state**-a government that subordinates the individual to the state and strictly controls all aspects of life by coercive measures **fascism**- an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of governmentand social organization. **widespread**- found or distributed over a large area or number of people **unrestricted-** not limited or restricted **New Economic Policy (NEP)-** an economic policy proposed by Vladimir Lenin to prevent theRussian economy fromcollapsing. Politburo the principal policymaking committee of a Communist Party. • ( Politburo ) this committee in the former Soviet Union, founded in 1917. Also called (1952–66) the presidium. **Five-Year Plans-** a series of nation-wide centralized exercises in rapid economic development in the Soviet Union. **collectivization-** organize (something) on the basis of ownership by the people or thestate, abolishing private ownership or involvement __Identify:__ **Benito Mussolini**- Italian statesman; prime minister 1922–43; known as **Il Duce** (‘the leader’). He founded the Italian Fascist Party in 1919, annexed Abyssinia in 1936, and entered World War II on Germany's side in 1940. He was captured and executed by Italian communist partisans a few weeks before the end of the war. **Joseph Stalin-** Soviet statesman; general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1922–53; born //Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili//. In 1928, he launched a succession of five-year plans for rapid industrialization and the enforced collectivization of agriculture. His large-scale purges of the intelligentsia in the 1930s were equally ruthless. **Francisco Franco-**Spanish general and statesman; head of state 1939–75. Leader of the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War, he became head of the Falange Party in 1937 and proclaimed himself //Caudillo// ("leader”) of Spain. With the defeat of the republic in 1939, he took control of the government and established a dictatorship that ruled Spain until his death. 1 - What is a totalitarian state? a political system where the state, usually under the control of a single political organization, faction, or class domination,recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible. 2 - What is fascism? an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of governmentand social organization. 3 - What economic changes were made during the Stalinist Era? -ended the NEP and launched the First Five-Year Plan -divorce became more difficult -steel production in Russia increased from 4 million to 18 million tons (3.6 to 16.3 million t) per year. -the number of workers increased by millions between 1932 and 1940 -investment in housing actually declined after 1929 -millions of workers and their families lived in pitiful conditions -wages in the industrial sector also declined by 43 percent between 1928 and 1940. -laws even limited where workers could move -private farms were elimi- nated -the government owned all of the land while the peasants worked it -famine -10 mil- lion peasants died in the famines of 1932 and 1933  4 - Why did parliamentary systems fail in many Eastern European countries? = ==** Life was so harsh for them that they were unable to bind together to overthrow their existing monarchies __.__ **==


 * PART 3 **

__Define:__ Nazi- a member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party
 * academy**- a place of study or training in a special field
 * Reichstag**- the main legislature of the German state under the Second and Third Reichs.   • the building in which this met.    **concentration camp**- a place where large numbers of people, esp. political prisoners ormembers of persecuted minorities, are deliberately imprisoned in arelatively small area with inadequate facilities, sometimes to provide forced labor or to await mass execution.
 * ideology**- a system of ideas and ideals, esp. one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy

__Identify:__
 * Adolf Hitler**- German leader, born in Austria; chancellorof Germany 1933–45. He cofounded the National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party in 1919 and came to prominence through his powers of oratory. He wrote Mein Kampf (1925), an exposition of his political ideas, while in prison. He established the totalitarian Third Reich in 1933. His expansionist foreign policy precipitated World War II, while his fanatical anti-Semitism led to the Holocaust.
 * Enabling Act**- statute empowering a person or body to take certain action, esp. to make regulations, rules, or orders.
 * Heinrich Himmler**- German leader; chief of the SS (Nazi special police force) 1929–45 and of the Gestapo 1936–45. He established and oversaw the systematic genocide of over 6,000,000 Jews and other disfavored groups between 1941 and 1945. Captured by British forces in 1945, he committed suicide.
 * Nuremberg laws**- were antisemitic laws inNazi Germany which wereintroduced at the annual Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg.
 * Kristallnacht**- the occasion of concerted violence by Nazis throughout Germany and Austria against Jews and their property on the night of November 9–10, 1938.



1 - What were some of the ideas expressed by Hitler in Mein Kampf?- extreme German nationalism -strong anti-Semitism -anticommunism -Social Darwinian theory of struggle

2 - How did the Great Depression contribute to the rise of Nazism in Germany? People were vulnerable. They had nothing, and a man that said he could fix everything sounded like a good idea. They figured they had nothing to lose.

3 - What was the Enabling Act? a statute empowering a person or body to take certain action, esp. to make regulations, rules, or orders.

4 - What did the Nazis mean when they used the term Aryan? Aryan is a linguistic term used to identify people speaking Indo-European languages. The Nazis mis- used the term and identified the Aryans with the ancient Greeks and Romans and twentieth-century Germans and Scandinavians


 * PART 4 **

__Define:__
 * incapable**- lacking ability, not good enough
 * abstract**- existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete
 * photomontage**- a montage constructed from photographic images.
 * surrealism**- a 20th-century avant-garde movement in art and literature that sought to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind, for example by the irrational juxtaposition of images.
 * modernism**- modern character or quality of thought, expression, or technique
 * classical-** of or relating to ancient Greek or Latin literature, art, or culture
 * uncertainty principle**- the principle that the momentum and position of a particle cannot both be precisely determined at the same time.

__Identify:__
 * The Triumph of the Will**- a propaganda film made by Leni Riefenstahl. It chronicles the 1934Nazi Party Congress inNuremberg.
 * Salvador Dalí**- aprominent SpanishCatalan surrealistpainter born in Figueres.
 * James Joyce**- Animportant writer of the modernist movement, he first became knownfor his short stories in Dubliners
 * Hermann Hesse**- Swiss novelist and poet, born in Germany. His work reflects his interest in spiritual values as expressed in Eastern religion and his involvement in Jungian analysis.

People were expressing their uncertainty through paintings and writings. Some people were incorporating art and literature together. Art-dadaism, movies Literature-unconscious Science-things were being discovered that were questioning the findings of previous scientists.
 * UNCERTAINTY**

1 - How were radio and the movies used for political purposes in Nazi Germany? 2 - How did the Nazis use leisure activities to control people? 3 - What did Hitler and the Nazis think about modern art? 4 - What scientific fact was the foundation for the uncertainty principle?