Unit+8+WWI

=**Part 1**= Define: ethnic, conscription, alter, anticipate, behalf, mobilization. Identify: Triple Alliance, Triple Entente, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, Gavrilo Princip, Emperor William II, Czar Nicholas II, General Alfred von Schlieffen. 1. How did the Lusitania contribute to drawing the United States into World War I? **May 13 - Lusitania notes began: 1st U.S. note demanded right to travel, disavowal of sub policy, reparations. German reply strong: claimed that the British ship carried munitions, that sinking it was "just self-defense." However, on June 6 Germany issued order to U-boats to spare passengers; 2nd U.S. note on June 9 was strong, demanded "specific pledge." - W. J. Bryan resigned; 3rd U.S. note on July 21 was an ultimatum: any more sinkings by German subs would be "deliberately unfriendly."**

2. What were some of the results of the growth of nationalism in the nineteenth century?
 * AA the desire of subject peoples for independence -It led to a series of national struggles for independence among the Balkan peoples. Other powers got involved and caused much instability.AB the desire of independent nations for dominance and prestige -As the powers try to dominate each other in Europe, their rivalries may be regarded as one of the causes of the First World War.**

3. What warnings and ultimatums did European countries issue in the summer of 1914? What were the results of these ultimatums?
 * On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian-Serb student and member of Young Bosnia, assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo, Bosnia.[16] This began a period of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France and Britain called the July Crisis. Wanting to end Serbian interference in Bosnia conclusively, Austria-Hungary delivered the July Ultimatum to Serbia, a series of ten demands which were deliberately unacceptable, made with the intention of deliberately initiating a war with Serbia.[17] When Serbia acceded to only eight of the ten demands levied against it in the ultimatum, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914. Strachan argues "Whether an equivocal and early response by Serbia would have made any difference to Austria-Hungary's behaviour must be doubtful. Franz Ferdinand was not the sort of personality who commanded popularity, and his demise did not cast the empire into deepest mourning".[18]**

 June 28, 1914: The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

July 23, 1914: Austria-Hungary presents Serbia with an unconditional ultimatum.

July 28 1914: Germany declares war on Russia

July 29, 1914: Russia orders full mobilization.

August 1, 1914: Germany declares war on Russia, following Russia's military Mobilization in support of Serbia; Germany also begins mobilization. Russia Allies France.

August 3, 1914:
 * Germany declares war on Russia's ally France.**

August 4, 1914: Define:**
 * German troops invade neutral Belgium at 8:02 AM (local time). Britain declares war on Germany for this violation of Belgian neutrality. This move effectively means a declaration of war by the whole British Commonwealth and Empire against Germany. The United States declares neutrality.
 * Ethnic**: denoting or deriving from or distinctive of the ways of living built up by a group of people; "influenced by ethnic and cultural ties
 * Conscription**: Compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.
 * Alter**: change or cause to change in character or composition, typically in acomparatively small but significant way
 * Anticipate**: regard as probable; expect or predict
 * Behalf**: in the interests of a person, group, or principle
 * Mobilization**: prepare and organize (troops) for active service.

**__Triple Alliance__-****Germany and Austria- Hungary made an alliance with Italy to stop Italy from taking sides with Russia. ** __Archduke Francis Ferdinand__(18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914) was an ****Archduke of Austria ****-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne., **
 * __Identify__**:
 * __Triple Entente__** **was the name given to the alliance between the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic, and Russia after the signing of the Russian Anglo- Russian Entente in 1907.,
 * __Gavrilo Princip__ was **** a Bosnian Serb patriot, associated with the freedom movement Mlada Bosna (Young Bosnia). Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914, was dying of tuberculoses. **
 * __Emperor William II__** **was the last German Emporer and King of Prussia, ruling both the German Empire and the Kingdom or Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. He was demonised as ****The Kaiser **** or ****Kaiser Bill ****during WW1. **
 * Czar Nicholas II ****<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> was the last Czar of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland. **

=
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**__General Alfred von Schlieffen__<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> mostl ** <span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">y called Count Schlieffen (28 February 1833 – 4 January 1913) was a German Field marshal and strategist who served as Chief of the Imperial German General Staff from 1891 to 1906 In 1905, 9 years before the start of World War Alfred Graf Von Schlieffen devised a plan for the invasion of France through Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg. This became known as the "Schlieffen plan". =====

=**Part 2**= Define:
 * propaganda**- the dissemination of such information as a political strategy
 * trench warfare**- a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.
 * war of attrition**- a prolonged war or period of conflict during which each side seeks to gradually wear out the other by a series of small-scaleactions.
 * suspend**- temporarily prevent from continuing or being in force or effect
 * submission**- the action or fact of accepting or yielding to a superior force or to the will or authority of another person
 * assure**-
 * total wa**r- a war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory orcombatants involved, or the objectives pursued, esp. one in which the laws of war are disregarded.
 * planned economies**- is an economic system in which the state or workers' council manage the economy.

Lawrence of Arabia: known professionally as **T. E. Lawrence**, was a British army officer renowned especially for his liaison role during the Arab Revolt of 1916–18. His vivid writings, along with the extraordinary breadth and variety of his activities and associations, have made him the object of fascination throughout the world as** Lawrence of Arabia**, a title popularised by the 1962 film Lawrence of Arabia based on his life. Admiral Holtzendorff: was a German Admiral during World War I who became famous for his Dec 1916 memo to Kaiser Wilhelm II about unrestricted submarine warfare against the United Kingdom. He received the Pour le Merite in 1917 and was made a Grand Admiral in 1918. Woodrow Wilson: was the 28th President of The United States. A leading intellectual of the Progressive Era he served as President of Princeton Universitly from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913. With Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft dividing theRepublican Party vote, Wilson waselectedPresident as aDemocrat in 1912. **
 * //__Identify__//:

<span style="font-family: sans-serif,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">1. How did the war on the Western Front turn into a stalemate? The advent of trench warfare made it nearly impossible to make progress. 2. Why did attempts to break through enemy lines rarely work under trench warfare? Because to break through the enemy lines in trench warfare is near suicide you would have to run in the open. even if you made it to the enemies trenches the chance that you would be immediately killed was high 3. In what ways did the Allies try to widen the war from 1915 to 1918? They all broke apart. 4. What was the immediate cause of U.S. entry into World War I? Sinking of the lusitania 5. How did World War I affect the lives of women in Western countries? They became factory workers.

unrestricted marine warfare



=**Part 3**= Define:
 * soviets**- a revolutionary council of workers or peasants in Russia before 1917.
 * coincide-**
 * irrelevant** - <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">having no bearing on or connection with the subject at issue; "an irrelevant comment"; "irrelevant allegations"
 * war communism**- **<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">The name given to the economic measures that prevailed while the Russian Revolution was fighting for its survival during the Civil War.

**Identify:
 * Alexandra -** ** Alexandra is best remembered as the last Tsaritsa of Russia, as one of the most famous royal carriers of the hemophilia disease, as well as for her support of autocratic control over the country. Her notorious friendship with the Russian mystic Grigori Rasputin was also an important factor in her life. **


 * Grigori Rasputin -**** Russian monk. He exerted great influence over Tsar Nicholas II and his family during World War I; this influence, combined with his reputation for debauchery, steadily discredited the imperial family, and he was assassinated by a group loyal to the tsar. **


 * Alexander Kerensky -** ** was a Russian politician. He served as the second Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government until Lenin was elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets following the October Revolution. **


 * Bolshe- viks -** ** a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labor Party(RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903. The Bolsheviks were the majority faction in a crucial vote, hence their name. They ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. **


 * V. I. Lenin** - ** a Russian revolutionary and communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917. As leader of the Bolsheviks, he headed the Soviet state during its initial years (1917–1924), as it fought to establish control of Russia in the Russian Civil War and worked to create a socialist economic system. **


 * Leon Trotsky -** ** a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist. He was one of the leaders of the Russian October Revolution, second only to Vladimir Lenin. During the early days of the Soviet Union, he served first as People's Commissioner for Foreign Affairs and later as the founder and commander of the Red Army and People's Commissar of War. He was also among the first members of the Politburo. **

<span style="font-family: sans-serif,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1. How did World War I contribute to the start of the Russian Revolution? <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">Russia was doing poorly in the war, and the Provisional Government refused to pull Russia out of the war, and began announcing new offensives. Soldiers didn't like the idea, so they began withdrawing from the army and protesting against the war, along with the Bolsheviks.

2. Why did Lenin sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">Russian losses in the early stages of WW-1 had reached into the millions. The 1917 Revolution was over and the war was very unpopular. Lenin needed peace at any cost and the concessions he made in this Treaty would be void if the West defeated Germany. It was a win, win, for the Bolsheviks so they signed on 3 March 1918.

3. What was the White Army? What groups made it up? <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"> The White Army was a loose [|confederation] of [|counter-revolutionary] forces; besides being anti-[|Bolshevik] Russian patriots, being professional soldiers, most White Army officers had no ideology. the Non-communists made up the White army

4. Why did the Communists win the civil war in Russia? Firstly, the Whites were disunited. They were a coalition of different enemies of the Bolsheviks who hated each other! Their armies were thousands of miles apart, so Trotsky could defeat them one at a time.

The second reason was Trotsky, who was a brilliant war leader and strategist.

Thirdly, the Bolshevik soldiers were enthusiastic. Many were keen Communists, fighting for a better world. Others hated foreigners invading Russia.

War Communism helped the Bolsheviks. They nationalised the factories and made strikes illegal. They rationed food and forced peasants to give food to the government. This gave the Bolshevik armies the supplies they needed.

Fifthly, the Cheka murdered more than 7000 Whites. Terror united all the Bolsheviks and made them keen to win the war.

Finally, the Bolsheviks had what they needed to win the war – control of Moscow and Petrograd (with their factories), control of the railways, and an army of 300,000 men.

March 8, 1917-protest for bread rationing March 10, 1917-General Strike March 12,1917-Duma created March 15, 1917-Tsar advocates the thrown April 1917- Lenin return November 6, 1917-Bulsheuites seize winter palace March 3, 1918-Treaty of brest-litovisk is signed July 16, 1918-Tsar and family executed

__In Country__ 1:Civil unrest General strikes 2:Provisional government established 3:Csar gone....abdicates __Lenin__ 1:Germans return Lenin to Russia 2:Use soviets to overthrow provincial government

=**Part 4**= Define: concentrate, armistice, consistent, reparation, clause, mandate. Identify: Erich von Ludendorff, Friedrich Ebert, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau.

1. What was the effect of the U.S. entry into World War I? 2. What new nations emerged as a result of the war and the peace treaties?