Unit+10+extra+credit

=  = =****PART 1****=




 * Vocabulary** Define:
 * genocide**- the deliberate killing of a large group of people, esp. those of a particular ethnic group or nation.
 * ethnic cleansing**- the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society.
 * eliminate**- completely remove or get rid of
 * establish**- set up (an organization, system, or set of rules) on a firm or permanent basis


 * People** Identify:
 * Abdulhamid II-** the34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He oversaw a period of decline in the power and extent of the Empire, ruling from 31 August 1876 until he was deposed on 27 April 1909. Abdülhamid II was the last Ottoman Sultan to rule with absolute power, and was succeeded by Mehmed V.
 * T. E. Lawrence**- British soldier and writer; full name //Thomas Edward Lawrence// ; known as **Lawrence of Arabia** . From 1916 on, he helped to organize the Arab revolt against the Turks in the Middle East, contributing to General Allenby's eventual victory inPalestine in 1918. He described this in The Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1926).
 * Atatürk-** Turkish general and statesman; president 1923–38; born //Mustafa Kemal// ; also called **Kemal Pasha** . As the first president of the Turkish republic, he abolished the caliphate and introduced other policies designed to make Turkey a modern secular state.
 * Reza Shah Pahlavi**- the Shahof the Imperial State of Iran from December 15, 1925 until he was forced to abdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in September 16, 1941.
 * Ibn Saud**- //n ibn Faysal ibn Turki Abd Allah ibn Muhammad Al Saud// . A powerful Muslim leader, he founded Saudi Arabia 1932 after having unified the various domains over which he had assumed sovereignty.



-Women were forbidden to wear the veil, a traditional Islamic custom. - New laws gave women mar- riage and inheritance rights equal to men’s. - In 1934, women received the right to vote. -All citizens were also given the right to convert to other religions.

-Men were forbidden to wear the fez -Women were forbidden to wear the veil -New laws gave women mar- riage and inheritance rights equal to men’s -women received the right to vote -All citizens were also given the right to convert to other religions
 * 1 - Why did the British support Arab nationalists during World War I?**After the Ottoman government allied with Germany, the British sought to undermine Ottoman rule in the Arabian Peninsula by supporting Arab nationalist activities there.
 * 2 - In what ways did Atatürk try to break the power of Islam in Turkey?**He wanted to transform Turkey into a secular state—a state that does not favor particular religions.
 * 3 - What were some of the changes that Reza Shah Pahlavi made in Persia?** He introduced reforms to strengthen and modernize the government, the military, and the economy. He did encourage the creation of a Western-style educational system and forbade women to wear the veil in public.
 * 4 - Who determined the borders of most of the nations in the Middle East following World War I?** The Europeans determined the nations’ borders and divided the peoples. In general, the people in these states had no strong identification with their designated country. However, a sense of Arab nationalism remained.
 * 5 - What was the Balfour Declaration? What were some of its results?** It expressed support for a national home for the Jews in Palestine, but it also added that this goal should not undermine the rights of the non-Jewish peoples living there. In 1933, the Nazi regime in Germany began policies that later led to the Holocaust and the mur- der of 6 million Jews. During the 1930s, many Jews fled to Palestine. Tensions grew, and violence between Jewish and Muslim inhabitants flared.Trying to end the violence, the British declared in 1939 that only 75,000 Jewish people would be allowed to immigrate to Palestine over the next five years; after that, no more Jews could do so. This deci- sion, however, only intensified tension and violence.

=****Part 2****=



Pan-Africanism- the principle or advocacy of the political union of all the indigenous inhabitants of Africa.
 * Vocabulary** Define:
 * aware**- having knowledge or perception of a situation or fact
 * Mahatma**- a person regarded with reverence or loving respect; a holy person or sage.   • ( the Mahatma ) Mahatma Gandhi. • (in some forms of theosophy) a person in India or Tibet said to have supernatural powers.    **civil disobedience-** the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.
 * zaibatsu**- a large Japanese business conglomerate.
 * integrity-** the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; moral uprightness


 * People** Identify:
 * __W. E. B. DuBois__-** anAmerican [|civil rights activist], [|Pan-Africanist] , [|sociologist] , [|historian] , [|author] , and [|editor] . Historian [|David Levering Lewis] wrote, "In the course of his long, turbulent career, W. E. B. Du Bois attempted virtually every possible solution to the problem of twentieth-century racism— [|scholarship] , [|propaganda] , [|integration] , [|national] [|self-determination] , [|human rights] , cultural and economic [|separatism] , [|politics] , international [|communism] , [|expatriation] , [|third world][|solidarity] ." [|[2]]
 * __Marcus Garvey__- Jamaican political activist and black nationalist leader. He advocated the establishment of an African homeland for black Americans. His thinking was later an important influence on Rastafarianism. **
 * __Mohandas Gandh__i-** the pre-eminent political andspiritual leader of [|India] during the [|Indian independence movement] . He was the pioneer of // [|satyagraha] //—resistance to [|tyranny] through mass [|civil disobedience], a philosophy firmly founded upon// [|ahimsa] // ortotal [|nonviolence] —which led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Gandhi is commonly known around the world as **Mahatma Gandhi**
 * __Jawaharlal Nehru__-** Indian statesman; prime minister 1947–64; known as **Pandit Nehru** ; father of Indira Gandhi. Nehru was elected leader of the Indian National Congress in 1929. Imprisoned nine times by the British for his nationalist campaigns, he went on to become the first prime minister of independent India.
 * __Ho Chi Minh__-** Vietnamese communist statesman; president of North Vietnam 1954–69; born //Nguyen That Thanh// . He led the Vietminh against the Japanese during World War II, fought the French until they were defeated in 1954 and Vietnam was divided into North and South Vietnam, and deployed his forces in the guerrilla struggle that became the Vietnam War.



**#1 - How did an African American and a Jamaican in the United States influence many of the new African leaders in the 1920s and 1930s?Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World,sued in 1920, had a strong impact on later African leaders. It was written by Marcus Garvey.
 * 1) 2 - In what ways were Gandhi’s and Nehru’s independence movements different? Nonviolence was the core of Gandhi’s campaign. He said that it was wrong to harm any living being and that hate could only be overcome by love. He advocated noncooperation, such as not buying cloth imported from Britain and government-made salt. He told Indians not to pay their taxes. Gandhi represented the traditional, religious, and Indian path. Nehru represented the modern, secular, and Western. While the two paths shared the same goal, the division created uncertainty about what the future of India would look like.
 * 2) 3 - How did industrialization in Japan lead to the rise of militarism?In the 1920s and 1930s, Japanese industrialists were expanding into new areas, such as heavy indus- try, mining, chemicals, and the manufacturing of appliances and automobiles. These industries des- perately needed resources that were scarce in Japan. More and more, industry leaders pressured the Japanese government to help them find raw materi- als in other countries. **
 * 4 - What was the Comintern?** Founded in 1919, it was a worldwide organization of Communist parties dedicated to spreading revolution. At its headquarters in Moscow, revolutionaries from many countries were trained. They then returned home to promote revolution. By the late 1920s, practically every colonial society in Asia had a Communist party.

=****Part 3****=



__pursue__- follow (someone or something) in order to catch or attack them __constitutional__- of or relating to an established set of principles governing a state __redistribution of wealth__-** the transfer of [|income], [|wealth] or[|property] from some [|individuals] to others. Most often it refers to progressive redistribution, from the rich to the poor, although it may also refer to regressive redistribution, from the poor to the rich. The desirability and effects of redistribution are actively debated on ethical and economic grounds.
 * Vocabulary** Define:
 * __guerrilla tactics__- [|irregular warfare], conflicts in which a small group of combatants uses[|military tactics], like ambushes and raids, to harass a larger and less-mobile traditional [|army].

Chiang Kai-shek- Chinese statesman and general; president of China 1928–31 and 1943–49 and of Taiwan 1950–75. He tried to unite China by military means in the 1930s but was defeated by the Communists. Forced to abandon mainland China in 1949, he set up a separate Nationalist Chinese State inTaiwan. Shanghai Massacre- a large-scale purge of [|Communists] from the[|Kuomintang] (KMT) in [|Shanghai], ordered by Generalissimo [|Chiang Kai-shek] on 12 April 1927, during the [|Northern Expedition] against the [|warlords]. Mao Zedong- Chinese statesman; chairman of the Communist Party of the Chinese People's Republic 1949–76; head of state 1949–59. A cofounder of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 and its effective leader from the time of the Long March (1934–35), he eventually defeated both the occupying Japanese and rival Kuomintang nationalist forces to create the People's Republic of China in 1949. PLA- the armed forces of the People's Republic of China, including allits land, sea, and air forces. The PLA traces its origins to an unsuccessful uprising by communist-led troops against pro-Nationalist forces in Jiangxi (Kiangsi) province on August 1, 1927, a date celebrated annually as its anniversary.
 * People and Events** Identify:
 * Sun Yat-sen- Chinese statesman; provisional president of the Republic of China 1911–12 and president of the Southern Chinese Republic 1923–25. He organized the Kuomintang force and established a secessionist government at Guangzhou.

**

#3 - What was the Long March? Mao’s army, the People’s Liberation Army ( ** PLA **), was able to break through the Nationalist lines. It then began its famous Long March.Moving on foot through mountains, marshes, and deserts, Mao’s army traveled almost 6,000 miles (9,600 km) to reach the last surviving Communist base in northern China. His troops had to fight all the way. Many froze or starved. One year later, Mao’s troops reached safety in the dusty hills of northern China. Of about 90,000 troops who began the journey, only some 9,000 remained. During the course of this ordeal, Mao Zedong had established himself as the heroic and unquestioned leader of the Chinese Communist Party. He would hold this role for the rest of his life. To people who lived at the time, it must have seemed that the Communist threat to the Nanjing regime was over. The Communists, however, antici- pated that a better time would come. They had not given up their fight. #4 - What was the New Life Movement? What were some of its goals? <span style="color: #1a1a18; font-family: Palatino,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">It promoted Confucian values and rejected what was seen as the excessive individualism and materialism of Western capitalism. Chiang Kai-shek was aware that introducing Western ideas into a conservative rural society would be difficult. While attempting to build a modern industrial state through Western innovation, he also stressed the traditional Confucian values of hard work, obedience, and integrity. **
 * 1 - What two parties formed an alliance in 1923 to drive the imperialist powers out of China?**
 * The Nationalists and Communists. **
 * 2 - How did Mao Zedong believe that a Chinese revolution would take place?****<span style="color: #1a1a18; font-family: Palatino,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Mao was convinced that a Chinese revolution would have to depend on the peasants, not the working class. Lenin had appealed to the peasants in Russia for a similar reason as Mao did—peasants were a large part of the population. In Russia, however, workers were still the engine of the Russian Revolu- tion. Mao made peasants the heart and soul of Chi- nese communism.

=****PART 4****=

<span style="font-family: Baskerville,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">
 * Vocabulary** Define:
 * oligarchy**- a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution
 * stimulate**- raise levels of physiological or nervous activity in (the body or anybiological system)
 * maintain-** cause or enable (a condition or state of affairs) to continue

__Hipólito Irigoyen__-<span style="font-family: Baskerville,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px;">twice [|President of Argentina] (from 1916 to 1922 and again from 1928 to 1930). Yrigoyen (he signed that way to distinguish himself from [|Bernardo de Irigoyen] 's political ideas) was popularly known as "el peludo" ( [|The hairy armadillo] ) due to his introverted character and aversion to be seen in public. Pro-Yrigoyen political supporters were known as "personalistas", a rude suggestion that they were [|sycophants] of Yrigoyen, anti-Yrigoyen elements, not surprisingly, were known as "anti-personalistas". ** __PRI-__ [|Mexican][|political party] that wielded power in the country—under a succession of names—for more than 70 years. The PRI is a member of the [|Socialist International], as is the rival [|Party of the Democratic Revolution] (PRD), making Mexico one of the few nations with two major, competing parties part of the same international grouping. However, PRI is no longer a socialist party[ [|citation needed] ]in the traditional sense and its modern policies are seen to be like those of a centrist or even neoliberal party.[ [|citation needed] ] Its membership in the International dates from the [|Mexican Revolution] and the founding of the party by [|Plutarco Elías Calles], when the party had a clearer socialist orientation. __Lázaro Cárdenas-__<span style="font-family: Baskerville,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px;"> was [|President] of [|Mexico] from 1934 to 1940. Lázaro Cárdenas was born into a lower-middle class family in the village of [|Jiquilpan], [|Michoacán]. He supported his family (including his mother and seven younger siblings) from age 16 after the death of his father. By the age of 18 he had worked as a tax collector, a [|printer's devil], and a jailkeeper. Although he left school at the age of eleven, he used every opportunity to educate himself and read widely throughout his life, especially works of history. **
 * People and Events** Identify:
 * __Juan Vicente Gómez__**-<span style="font-family: Baskerville,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">a military general and de facto ruler of [|Venezuela] from 1908 until his death in 1935. He was president on three occasions during this time, and ruled as an unelected military strongman for the rest of the era.
 * __Good Neighbor policy__- the [|foreign policy] of the administration of [|United States] President [|Franklin Roosevelt] toward the countries of [|Latin America] . The United States wished to have good relations with its neighbors, especially at a time when conflicts were beginning to rise once again, and this policy was more or less intended to garner Latin American support.
 * __Getúlio Vargas__- servedas [|president] and [|dictator] of [|Brazil] from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 until his suicide in 1954. Vargas led Brazil for 18 years, being the president with most years of office. Vargas also won the nickname "O Pai dos Pobres" (Portuguese for "The Father of the Poor") because of his worker's policy.


 * 1 - What were the effects of the Great Depression on Latin America’s economy?** <span style="font-family: Palatino,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">The U.S. for example, owned land, packing plants, and railroads in Central America. American firms also gained control of the copper-mining industry in Chile and <span style="font-family: Palatino,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal;">** Peru, ** <span style="font-family: Palatino,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">as well as of the oil industry in Bolivia. Political instability and economic crises in many Latin American countries during the 1920s and 1930s eventually led to military dictatorships.
 * 2 - What were some of the changes that Cárdenas made after he became president of Mexico?<span style="font-family: Palatino,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">His major step was to distribute 44 mil- lion acres (17.8 million ha) of land to landless Mexican peasants, an action that made him enormously popu- lar with the peasants.Cárdenas also took a strong stand with the United States, especially over oil. By 1900, Mexico was known to have enormous oil reserves. Over the next 30 years, foreign oil companies from Britain and, in particular, the United States, made large investments in Mexico.
 * 1) 3 - What were some of the goals that Diego Rivera tried to achieve with his art? <span style="color: #1a1a18; font-family: Palatino,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">His goal was to celebrate his own country and culture. He used European styles like cubism, but he looked for inspi- ration to the Mexican past. He especially liked to por- tray his own interpretations of Aztec legends, Mexican festivals, and folk customs. Rivera’s work also carried a political and social mes- sage. A favorite theme was the Mexican Revolution. Rivera did not want people to for- get the event that had overthrown the large landown- ers and the foreign interests that supported them. **